DNS lab: dig, part 1

In the following labs, we'll be using "auth1" as your work machine.
In reality, this is not very important, as we're only going to be using
the 'dig' command.

DIG
---

1. Issue DNS queries using 'dig':

Note: make sure you explicitly specify the nameserver to query using the
"@" syntax in dig:

    $ dig @server_ip ...

If you do not specify the @server_ip, then dig will use the nameserver(s)
listed in /etc/resolv.conf

1a. Run each command, look for the ANSWER section and write down the result.
    Make note of the TTL as well.

Repeat the command. Is the TTL the same? Are the responses Authoritative?

                                                      RESULT 1        RESULT 2
                                                      --------        --------
    $ dig @10.10.0.1  your-favorite-domain a
    $ dig @10.10.0.1  www.google.com. a
    $ dig @10.10.0.1  afnog.org. mx
    $ dig @10.10.0.1  NonExistentDomain.sometld any
    $ dig @10.10.0.1  tiscali.co.uk. txt
    $ dig @10.10.0.1  www.afrinic.net aaaa
    $ dig @10.10.0.1  www.google.com aaaa

1b. Now send some queries to another caching server.

    (Run each of the following twice, and note the time in ms for each attempt)

                                                      RESULT 1        RESULT 2
                                                      --------        --------
    $ dig @8.8.8.8 news.bbc.co.uk. a
    $ dig @208.67.222.222 yahoo.com. a
    $ dig @<a server of your choice> <domain of your choice> a

    How long did it take each answer to be received? (on the first, and
    on the second lookup)

    Some public servers or "open resolvers": 
       217.31.204.130, 193.29.206.206, 149.20.64.20, 149.20.64.21

2. Reverse DNS lookups

    Now try some reverse DNS lookups - note here that we do not explicitly
	specify which nameserver dig should query. Which nameserver will be used ?

    $ dig -x 10.10.X.1
    $ dig -x 10.10.X.2
    $ dig -x 10.10.X.3

    ... where X is an IP address in the range 1-25

    Repeat for an IP address of your choice, on the Internet. Remember, you'll
    have to use 10.10.0.1 to be able to perform DNS queries on the Internet...

    Now try to lookup:

    $ dig 1.X.10.10.in-addr.arpa. PTR

    ... where X is in the range 1-25.

    What do you notice ?

    Let's try IPv6 now:

    $ dig @10.10.0.1 -x 2001:42d0::200:2:1

    What are the differences you can observe in the results, between reverse
    DNS for IPv6 and IPv4 addresses ?

	Note: you may possibly not get an answer for the v6 address - but compare
	the question section for the IPv4 and IPv6 reverse addresses.

3. DNSSEC & EDNS0

	Try some of the queries above, this time add the "+edns=0" option.

	For example:

	$ dig @10.10.0.1 www.icann.org +edns=0

	(you may want to use "more" to limit the output of the command to
	one screen at a time)

	$ dig @10.10.0.1 www.icann.org +edns=0 | more

	Notice the OPT PSEUDOSECTION, at the top of the output ?

	What do you notice about the flags: section in the OPT section ?

	Let's explicitly enable the BUFSIZE option, but not EDNS0:

	$ dig @10.10.0.1 www.icann.org +noedns +bufsize=1024 | more

	Notice that EDNS is set automatically, and notice the udp: size section
	in the OPT pseudosection.

	Now, let's try and retrieve DNSSEC records:

	$ dig @10.10.0.1 isoc.org DNSKEY | more
	$ dig @10.10.0.1 www.isoc.org RRSIG | more

	And finally, let's tell our DNS server that we support DNSSEC:

	$ dig @10.10.0.1 www.isoc.org A +dnssec
	$ dig @10.10.0.1 isoc.org NS +dnssec
        $ dig @10.10.0.1 google.com NS +dnssec

	Do you notice a new field in the "flags:" section of the answer 
        in the HEADER and OPT PSEUDOSECTION ?

	$ dig @10.10.0.1 www.isoc.org A
	$ dig @10.10.0.1 isoc.org NS
        $ dig @10.10.0.1 google.com NS

	Compare with doing dig WITHOUT the +dnssec option and for a 
        domain without DNSSEC:

	Now look at a large response:

	$ dig @10.10.0.1 isoc.org DNSKEY +dnssec

	And limit our buffersize:

	$ dig @10.10.0.1 isoc.org DNSKEY +dnssec +bufsize=512

	What do you notice at the begining of the response?

	Why does DNS default to UDP?

	If you are alreaady running a nameserver on your local server,
	What happens if you send DNSSEC enabled queries to it ?

	$ dig @127.0.0.1 noc.ws.nsrc.org A +dnssec
	$ dig @127.0.0.1 ws.nsrc.org NS +dnssec

Other Tricks:

    Extra credit: Try

    $ dig chaos txt version.bind @10.10.0.1

    $ dig chaos txt hostname.bind @199.7.83.42